Bacteria and Archaea

 Bacteria and archaea are both eukaryotes. They are both vital in nutrient recycling and incredibly small, though small they are important to larger multicellular organisms. both are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They have a single piece of circular DNA in the nucleotide area of the cell. they also possess cells surrounded by a cell wall. though they have similarities they also have differences as well. The types of molecules they can system distinguish them. Bacteria have a unique compound called pepitdoglycan in the cell walls. Archaea have unique phospholipids in their plasma membrane and hydrocarbon tails that contain isoprene.

Protists

 There are over 100,000 described living species of protists. It is unclear how many undescribed species may actually exist. The cells of protist are among the most elaborate of all cells. Most protist are microscopic and unicellular, but some true multicellular forms do exist. A few protist live as colonies that behave in someway as a group of free living cells and in other ways as a multicellular organism. Protists reproduce by a variety of mechanisms. Most are capable of some form of asexual reproduction, such as binary fission to produce two daughter cells, or multiple fission to divide simultaneously into many daughter cells. Others produce tiny buds that go on to divide and grow to the size of the parental protists. Many protist species can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction when necessary.

DNA Structure and Function

DNA plays for major roles. They are replication, encoding information, mutation/recombination, and gene expression. The major function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism needs to develop, function, and reproduce. It is essentially an instruction manual for each of your cells. DNA molecules allow genetic information to be passed from one generation to the next. The DNA structure consist of nucleotides that are arranged into long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. These strands are the individual units of DNA and they are made of a phosphate molecule. These strands are joined together by hydrogen bonds forming between their nitrogenous bases.

Meiosis

The purpose of meiosis is to reproduce the normal diploid cells to haploid cells and to make egg and sperm. It produces male and female sex cells. The overall process of meiosis produces four daughter cells from one single parent cell. These daughter cells only contain half of the DNA that the cell originally had before division. After meiosis occurs, the four haploid cells have a random mixture of both maternal and paternal DNA.

Cellular Reproduction

 Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide sealed multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate contents. Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and is required for growth and development. Cell division allows organisms to transfer their genetic material to their offspring.

There are two major types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.these processes are very similar but result in different types of cells.

During mitosis cells produce an exact replica of themselves. During meiosis, sperm or egg cells are produced instead of identical daughter cells as in mitosis.

There are four stages of cellular reproduction: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

These phases allows cells to divide and transfer their genetic material.